As critical geomorphological units of the Earth ’s surface, mountains exert profound influences on local, regional and global atmospheric circulation, weather and climate, and ecological environment through the complex dynamic and thermodynamic effects. Mountain meteorology is an important discipline dedicated to studying these influences and related atmospheric processes. This paper focuses on the core domains including mountain observation experiments, mechanisms of orographic precipitation, topographic influence mechanisms on severe convection, key technologies for mountain numerical simulation, and mountain meteorological responses under climate change. It systematically reviews the research progress in mountain meteorology both domestically and internationally since the 21 st Century. However, the existing research still faces critical challenges such as a scarcity of high_precision observation data, insufficient understanding of multi_scale and multi_process coupling mechanisms, and systematic biases in mountain numerical models. In the future, it is necessary to construct an integrated intelligent observation network, develop cross_scale coupled numerical models, strengthen research on mountain weather and climate mechanisms, and deepen integration with disciplines such as hydrology and ecology, by which the capabilities for mountain meteorological disaster warning, mountain climate resource management and climate change response would be enhanced to support the sustainable development of mountain climate ecology.