The transplanting period and picking period of pepper are crucial links for the growth and development of pepper. In order to explore the distribution law of the appropriate transplanting period and picking period of pepper, this paper uses the daily average temperature data of 84 national conventional ground observation stations in Guizhou Province from 1980 to 2020, and based on the five-day sliding average method, correlation analysis method and regression fitting method. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of suitable transplanting period and picking period of pepper in Guizhou province from 1980 to 2020 were analyzed. The results showed as follows: (1) The suitable transplanting period of pepper in Guizhou province varied greatly from February 27 to May 7, and the spatial distribution showed obvious regional differences, gradually decreasing from northwest to southeast, which was mainly due to the large difference in altitude. In the past 40 years, the transplanting period changed with time. Among the 8 sites selected, half of them passed the significance test with the level of 0.05, namely Luodian, Rongjiang, Weining and Bijie. (2) The picking period of pepper in Guizhou Province had great regional differences, ranging from September 26 to December 6, and the spatial distribution showed obvious regional differences, gradually increasing from northwest to south, which was mainly due to the great difference in altitude. In the past 40 years, the picking period changed with time. Among the 8 selected sites, only 2 sites passed the significance test with a level of 0.05, namely, Weining and Bijie.